Opacity data

FIXME: There are specific solid opacities for X-ray transfer. See How_to_run_a_X-ray_model missing description here

ProDiMo performs the continuum radiative transfer given the dust composition, structure, and size-distribution (which all can be location-dependent). Therefore it requires a database of optical constants (n, and k) for all the refractories and ices that can be present in protoplanetary disks. The ProDiMo code comes with its own database of opacities.

The opacity files are located in /data/OpticalData and are read by dust_opac.f..

Most opacity data were retrieved from

We are constantly looking for more solid optical constants. The wavelength grid is specific to ProDiMo, and thus any new optical constant data should be interpolated (log-interpolation) onto this wavelength grid. Please cite the original papers describing the constants used in your publications. The default in ProDiMo is to use AstroSilicate_Draine[s].

# Compound name Composition Structure ProDiMo naming Filename Source Condensation T (K) Measurement T (K) Wavelength range (µm) Crystallization T (K) Mass Density [g/cm-3]
1 Enstatite MgSiO3 amorphous MgSiO3[s] nk_MgSiO3-Jena.dat Jena 1, JPDOC 2.80
2 pyroxene Mg0.7Fe03SiO3 amorphous Mg0.7Fe0.3SiO3[s] nk2_Mg07Fe03SiO3.dat Jena 3.01
3 pyroxene Mg0.5Fe0.5SiO3 amorphous Mg0.5Fe0.5SiO3[s] nk2_Mg0.5Fe0.5SiO3.dat Jena 3.20
4 Olivine Mg2SiO4 amorphous Mg2SiO4[s] nk_Mg2SiO4-Jena.dat Jena 5 1350 3.33
5 Olivine MgFeSiO4 amorphous MgFeSiO4[s] nk_MgFeSiO4-Jena.dat Jena 1, JPDOC 3.71
6 amorphous SiO2 SiO2 amorphous SiO2[s] nk_SiO2-Posch.dat Posch; see also H R. Philip HOCS p. 749 2.21
7 amorphous alumina Al2O3 amorphous Al2O3[s] nk_Al2O3-Jena.dat Jena 2, JPDOC 1760 3.89
8 Titanium oxide (rutile, anatase) TiO2 crystalline TiO2[s] nk_TiO2-Posch.dat Posch; see also Ribarsky HOCS p. 795 3.9
9 Silicon carbide SiC SiC[s] nk-SiC-Anja.dat Anderson et al. (1999) 1500 3.20
10 Iron Fe metallic Fe[s] nk-Fe-Posch.dat Posch; HOCS 1470 7.87
11 Iron oxide FeO amorphous FeO[s] nk_FeO.dat Jena 3, JPDOC 2.4
12 Trolite FeS FeS[s] nk_FeS.dat Henning 4.83
13 Amorphous carbon C amorphous amorphC[s] nk_Carbon_Jena800.dat Jena 8, Jaeger et al. (1998) 1850 1.80
14 Amorphous carbon C amorphous amorphC_M[s] nk2_amorphC_M.dat AmC (Preibisch?) 1850 1.80
15 Amorphous Carbon C amorphous amC-Zubko[s] nk_amC-BE.dat Zubko et al. (1996) 1850 1.80
16 Amorphous Carbon ACAR C amorphous amC-Zubko-ACAR[s] nk_amC-zb2-ACAR.dat Zubko et al. (1996) 1850 1.95
17 Interstellar Silicate various amorphous AstroSilicate_Draine[s] nk_AstroSilicate_Draine.dat Draine and Lee (1984) 1500 3.5
18 Interstellar Silicate various amorphous AstroSilicate_MW89[s] nk_AstroSilicate_MW89.dat MW (1989) 1500 3.5
19 Interstellar Silicate various amorphous Oss_Draine[s] nk_Oss_Draine.dat Ossenkopf (1992), JPDOC 3.5
20 Forsterite Mg2SiO4 crystalline cryst_silicate[s] nk_mg2_0.33_0000_037.dat Servoin and Piriou (1973) 1440 3.33
21 Water ice H2O crystalline H2Oice[s] nk_H2OiceWarren.dat Warren 100-300 130-140 0.92
22 Amorphous water ice H2O amorphous amorphous_H2Oice[s] nk_H2O_Li.dat Li and Greenberg 1997,1998 100 130-140 1.2
23 Vacuum vacuum[s] nk_vacuum.dat 0.0
24 Amorphous water ice H2O amorphous H2Oice_Hudgins_40K[as] nk_warren_hudgins_40K.dat Hudgins et al., completed by Warren (experimental combination) 2.5-25 (Hudgins), elsewhere (warren??) 130-140 1.0
25 Fosterite Mg2SiO4 crystalline Suto_Fo50K[s] nk_Suto_Fo50K.dat Suto et al. 2006 Fosterite 50 2-100 3.33
26 Fosterite Mg2SiO4 crystalline Suto_Fo100K[s] nk_Suto_Fo100K.dat Suto et al. 2006 Fosterite 100 2-100 3.33
27 Fosterite Mg2SiO4 crystalline Suto_Fo150K[s] nk_Suto_Fo150K.dat Suto et al. 2006 Fosterite 150 2-100 3.33
28 Fosterite Mg2SiO4 crystalline Suto_Fo200K[s] nk_Suto_Fo200K.dat Suto et al. 2006 Fosterite 200 2-100 3.33
29 Fosterite Mg2SiO4 crystalline Suto_Fo295K[s] nk_Suto_Fo295K.dat Suto et al. 2006 Fosterite 295 2-100 3.33
30 Carbon Monoxide ice CO COice_near_far_IR[s] nk_CO_near_far_IR.dat various sources 0.79
31 Montmorillonite Montmorillonite Montmorillonite[s] nk_Montmorillonite.dat various sources 2.35
32 Carbon Dioxide ice CO2 crystalline CO2ice[s] nk_CO2ice_Warren.dat Warren 1984, 1986 1.562
33 Ammonia ice NH3 crystalline NH3ice[s] nk_NH3ice_Martonchik.dat Martonchik 1984 77-88 0.14-200 0.817
34 Silicon Carbide SiC crystalline SiC_Peg[s] nk_SiC_Pegourie.dat Pegourie,B. 1988 3.2
35 AmorphC C HAC amorphC_Hanner[s] nk_amorphC_Hanner.dat Hanner, 1988 1.8
36 Graphite 1 C perp. to C axis Graphite1[s] nk_Graphite1_DraineLee.dat Draine and Lee 1984 2.1
37 Graphite 2 C parallel to C axis Graphite1[s] nk_Graphite2_DraineLee.dat Draine and Lee 1984 2.1
38 Olivine Fe0.3Mg0.7SiO4 Fe0.3Mg0.7SiO4_Pollack[s] nk_olivine_Pollack94.dat Pollack et al. 1994 0.1-105 3.49
39 Orthopyroxene Fe0.3Mg0.7SiO3 Fe0.3Mg07SiO3_Pollack[s] nk_orthopyr_Pollack94.dat Pollack et al. 1994 0.1-105 3.40
40 Pure Iron Fe metallic Fe_Pollack[s] nk_iron_Pollack94.dat Pollack et al. 1994 0.1-105 7.87
41 Troilite FeS FeS_Pollack[s] nk_FeS_troilite_Pollack94.da Pollack et al. 1994 0.1-105 4.83
42 Organics organics_Pollack[s] nk_organics_Pollack94.dat Pollack et al. 1994 0.1-105 1.20
43 Water ice H2O H2Oice_Pollack[s] nk_H2Oice_Pollack94.dat Pollack et al. 1994 200-270 0.1-105 130-140 0.92
44 Serpentine Serpentine[s] nk_serpentine_Koike.dat Koike et al. 1990 7-400 2.7
45 Methane ice CH4 Amorphous CH4ice_Hudgins[s] nk_CH4_10K_Hudgins_smooth.dat Hudgins et al. 1993 10 2.5-25 0.44
45 Methane ice CH4 Amorphous N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 20 2.5-25
45 Methane ice CH4 Amorphous N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 30 2.5-25
46 Methanol ice CH3OH Crystalline CH3OHice_cry[s] nk_CH3OH_120_cry.dat Hudgins et al. 1993 120 2.5-199.38 110-120 1
47 Methanol ice CH3OH Amorphous CH3OHice_am[s] nk_CH3OH_10_am.dat Hudgins et al. 1993 10 2.5-199.38 110-120 1
48 Acetone ice (CH3)2CO Amorphous acetoneice_am[s] nk_acetone_amorphous_10K.dat NASA CIL 4 10 2.77-20
49 Acetone ice (CH3)2CO Crystalline acetoneice_cry[s] nk_acetone_crystalline_125K.dat NASA CIL 4 125 2.77-20
50 Ethylene ice C2H4 Amorphous C2H4ice_am_20K[s] nk_C2H4-Amorphous-20K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 20 2-14.28 0.75
51 Ethylene ice C2H4 Amorphous C2H4ice_am_30K[s] nk_C2H4-Amorphous-30K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 30 2-14.28 0.75
52 Ethylene ice C2H4 Amorphous C2H4ice_am_60K[s] nk_C2H4-Amorphous-60K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 60 2-14.28 0.75
53 Ethylene ice C2H4 Crystalline C2H4ice_cry_16K[s] nk_C2H4-Crystalline-16K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 16 2-14.28 0.75
54 Ethylene ice C2H4 Crystalline C2H4ice_cry_20K[s] nk_C2H4-Crystalline-20K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 20 2-14.28 0.75
55 Ethylene ice C2H4 Crystalline C2H4ice_cry_30K[s] nk_C2H4-Crystalline-30K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 30 2-14.28 0.75
56 Ethylene ice C2H4 Crystalline C2H4ice_cry_40K[s] nk_C2H4-Crystalline-40K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 40 2-14.28 0.75
57 Ethylene ice C2H4 Crystalline C2H4ice_cry_60K[s] nk_C2H4-Crystalline-60K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 60 2-14.28 0.75
58 Ethylene ice C2H4 Metastable C2H4ice_meta_14K[s] nk_C2H4-Metastable-14K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 14 2-14.28 0.75
59 Ethylene ice C2H4 Metastable C2H4ice_meta_20K[s] nk_C2H4-Metastable-20K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 20 2-14.28 0.75
60 Ethylene ice C2H4 Metastable C2H4ice_meta_30K[s] nk_C2H4-Metastable-30K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 30 2-14.28 0.75
61 Ethylene ice C2H4 Metastable C2H4ice_meta_40K[s] nk_C2H4-Metastable-40K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 40 2-14.28 0.75
62 Ethylene ice C2H4 Metastable C2H4ice_meta_50K[s] nk_C2H4-Metastable-50K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 50 2-14.28 0.75
63 Ethylene ice C2H4 Metastable C2H4ice_meta_60K[s] nk_C2H4-Metastable-60K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 60 2-14.28 0.75
64 Ethane ice C2H6 Amorphous C2H6ice_am_16K[s] nk_C2H6-Amorphous-16K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 16 2.22-20 0.719
65 Ethane ice C2H6 Amorphous C2H6ice_am_20K[s] nk_C2H6-Amorphous-20K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 20 2.22-20 0.719
66 Ethane ice C2H6 Amorphous C2H6ice_am_40K[s] nk_C2H6-Amorphous-40K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 40 2.22-20 0.719
67 Ethane ice C2H6 Amorphous C2H6ice_am_50K[s] nk_C2H6-Amorphous-50K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 50 2.22-20 0.719
68 Ethane ice C2H6 Amorphous C2H6ice_am_60K[s] nk_C2H6-Amorphous-60K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 60 2.22-20 0.719
69 Ethane ice C2H6 Crystalline C2H6ice_cry_12K[s] nk_C2H6-Crystalline-12K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 12 2.22-20 0.719
70 Ethane ice C2H6 Crystalline C2H6ice_cry_40K[s] nk_C2H6-Crystalline-40K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 40 2.22-20 0.719
71 Ethane ice C2H6 Crystalline C2H6ice_cry_50K[s] nk_C2H6-Crystalline-50K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 50 2.22-20 0.719
72 Ethane ice C2H6 Crystalline C2H6ice_cry_60K[s] nk_C2H6-Crystalline-60K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 60 2.22-20 0.719
73 Ethane ice C2H6 Metastable C2H6ice_meta_11K[s] nk_C2H6-Metastable-11K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 11 2.22-20 0.719
74 Ethane ice C2H6 Metastable C2H6ice_meta_20K[s] nk_C2H6-Metastable-20K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 20 2.22-20 0.719
75 Ethane ice C2H6 Metastable C2H6ice_meta_30K[s] nk_C2H6-Metastable-30K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 30 2.22-20 0.719
76 Ethane ice C2H6 Metastable C2H6ice_meta_40K[s] nk_C2H6-Metastable-40K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 40 2.22-20 0.719
77 Ethane ice C2H6 Metastable C2H6ice_meta_50K[s] nk_C2H6-Metastable-50K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 50 2.22-20 0.719
78 Ethane ice C2H6 Metastable C2H6ice_meta_60K[s] nk_C2H6-Metastable-60K.dat Hudson et al. 2014 60 2.22-20 0.719
79 Propynal ice C3H2O Amorphous C3H2Oice_am_10K[s] nk_C3H2O_amorphous_10K.dat Hudson & Gerakines 2019 10 1.42-20.83 0.945
80 Propyne ice C3H4 Amorphous C3H4ice_am_8K[s] nk_C3H4_amorphous_8K.dat Hudson et al. 2021 8 2-20 0.705
81 Propyne ice C3H4 Crystalline C3H4ice_cry_80K[s] nk_C3H4_crystalline_80K.dat Hudson et al. 2021 80 2-20 0.866
82 Propylene ice C3H6 Amorphous C3H6ice_am_8K[s] nk_C3H6_amorphous_8K.dat Hudson et al. 2021 8 2-20 0.663
83 Propylene ice C3H6 Crystalline C3H6ice_cry_80K[s] nk_C3H6_crystalline_80K.dat Hudson et al. 2021 80 2-20 0.782
84 Propylene ice C3H6 Metastable crystalline C3H6ice_meta_65K[s] nk_C3H6_metastablecrystalline_65K.dat Hudson et al. 2021 65 2-20 0.782
85 Propane ice C3H8 Amorphous C3H8ice_am_8K[s] nk_C3H8_amorphous_8K.dat Hudson et al. 2021 8 2-20 0.653
86 Propane ice C3H8 Crystalline C3H8ice_cry_65K[s] nk_C3H8_crystalline_65K.dat Hudson et al. 2021 65 2-20 0.797
87 Propane ice C3H8 Metastable crystalline C3H8ice_meta_50K[s] nk_C3H8_metastablecrystalline_50K.dat Hudson et al. 2021 50 2-20 0.797
88 diMethyl Ether ice CH3OCH3 Amorphous CH3OCH3ice_am_10K[s] nk_CH3OCH3_amorphous_10K.dat Hudson et al. 2020 10 2.85-20 0.874
89 diMethyl Ether ice CH3OCH3 Crystalline CH3OCH3ice_cry_75K[s] nk_CH3OCH3_crystalline_75K.dat Hudson et al. 2020 75 2.85-20 0.970
90 Methanol ice CH3OH Amorphous CH3OHice_am_10K_gerakin[s] nk_CH3OH_amorphous_10K.dat Gerakines & Hudson, 2020 10 2-25 0.779
91 Methanol ice CH3OH Crystalline CH3OHice_cry_120K_gerakin[s] nk_CH3OH_crystalline_120K.dat Gerakines & Hudson, 2020 120 2-20 1.02
92 Methane ice CH4 Amorphous CH4ice_am_8K[s] nk_CH4_amorphous_8K.dat Gerakines & Hudson, 2020 8 2-25 0.47
93 Methane ice CH4 Amorphous CH4ice_am_10K[s] nk_CH4_amorphous_10K.dat NASA CIL 4 10 2-25
94 Methane ice CH4 Crystalline CH4ice_cry_31K[s] nk_CH4_crystalline_31K.dat Gerakines & Hudson, 2020 31 2-20 0.47
95 Carbon diOxide ice CO2 Amorphous CO2ice_am_8K[s] nk_CO2_amorphous_8K.dat Gerakines & Hudson, 2020 8 2.5-20 1.20
96 Carbon diOxide ice CO2 Crystalline CO2ice_cry_70K[s] nk_CO2_crystalline_70K.dat Gerakines & Hudson, 2020 70 2.5-20 1.67
97 Nitrous oxide ice N2O Amorphous N2Oice_am_10K[s] nk_N2O_amorphous_10K.dat Gerakines & Hudson, 2020 10 2.5-20 1.263
98 Nitrous oxide ice N2O Crystalline N2Oice_cry_70K[s] nk_N2O_crystalline_70K.dat Gerakines & Hudson, 2020 70 2.5-22.22 1.591
99 Propanal ice CH3CH2CHO Amorphous propanalice_am_10K[s] nk_propanal_amorphous_10K.dat Yarnall et al. 2020 10 2.5-20 0.778
100 Propanal ice CH3CH2CHO Crystalline propanalice_cry_100K[s] nk_propanal_crystalline_100K.dat Yarnall et al. 2020 100 2.5-20 1.105
101 Methanol ice CH3OH Amorphous N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 50 2.5-199.38 110-120 1
102 Methanol ice CH3OH Amorphous N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 75 2.5-199.38 110-120 1
103 Methanol ice CH3OH ?? N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 100 2.5-199.38 110-120 1
104 Amorphous water ice H2O Amorphous N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 10 2.5-25 130-140
105 Amorphous water ice H2O Amorphous N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 40 2.5-25 130-140
106 Amorphous water ice H2O Amorphous N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 80 2.5-25 130-140
107 Amorphous water ice H2O Amorphous N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 100 2.5-25 130-140
108 Amorphous water ice H2O Amorphous N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 120 2.5-25 130-140
109 Amorphous water ice H2O Crystalline N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 140 2.5-25 130-140
110 Carbon Dioxide ice CO2 ?? N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 10 2.5-25
111 Carbon Dioxide ice CO2 ?? N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 30 2.5-25
112 Carbon Dioxide ice CO2 ?? N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 50 2.5-25
113 Carbon Dioxide ice CO2 ?? N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 70 2.5-25
114 Carbonyl Sulfide ice OCS ?? N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 10 2.5-25
115 Carbonyl Sulfide ice OCS ?? N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 50 2.5-25
116 Carbonyl Sulfide ice OCS ?? N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 60 2.5-25
117 Carbon Monoxide ice CO ?? N/A N/A Hudgins et al. 1993 / Sandford et al. 1988 10 2.5-25
118 Hydrogen Sulfide ice H2S N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
119 Sulfur Dioxide ice SO2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
120 Formaldehyde ice H2CO N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
121 Carbon Sulfide ice CS N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
122 Organics organics_Henning[s] nk_organics_Henning1996.dat Henning & Stognienko 1996, A&A 311,291 0.1-105 1.50
123 Pyroxene Mg_0.96 Fe_0.04 SiO3 cryst. pyroxene_crystalline[s] nk_pyroxene_crystalline.dat Jaeger 1998, A&A, 339, 904 2-99 2.80
124 Olivine Mg_1.9 Fe_0.1 SiO4 cryst. olivine_crystalline[s] nk_olivine_crystalline.dat Fabian 2001, A&A, 378, 228 2-819 3.33
# Compound name Composition Structure ProDiMo naming Filename Source Condensation Temperature (K) Measurement Temperature (K) Wavelength range (µm) Crystallization Temperature (K) Mass Density [g/cm3]

Posch: Th. Posch, F. Kerschbaum, D. Fabian, H. Mutschke, J. Dorschner, A. Tamanai, Th. Henning, 2003 Infrared Properties of Solid Titanium Oxides: Exploring Potential Primary Dust Condensates, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 149, 437 ([http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJS..149..437P])

Jena 1: Dorschner J., Begemann B., Henning Th. et al. (1995) Steps toward interstellar silicate mineralogy. II. Study of Mg-Fe-silicate glasses of variable composition. Astron. Astrophys., v. 300, pp. 503 - 519. ([http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995A%26A...300..503D])

Jena 2: Begemann B., Dorschner J., Henning Th., and Mutschke H. (1997) Aluminum oxide and the opacity of oxygen-rich circumstellar dust in the 12-17 micron range. Astrophys. J., v. 476, pp. 199 - 208. ([http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...476..199B])

Jena 3: Henning Th., Begemann B., Mutschke H., Dorschner J. (1995) Optical properties of oxide dust grains. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser., v. 112, pp. 143 - 161. ([http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995A%26AS..112..143H])

Jena 4: Jaeger et al. (1998) Astron. Astrophys. 332, 291 ([http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A%26A...339..904J])

Jena 5: C. Jäger, J. Dorschner, H. Mutschke, Th. Posch, Th. Henning, (2003) Steps toward interstellar silicate mineralogy VII. Spectral properties and crystallization behaviour of magnesium silicates produced by the sol-gel method; Astron. Astrophys., 408, 193 ([http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003A%26A...408..193J])

Draine and Lee (1984): [http://www.astro.princeton.edu/\~draine/dust/dust.html] As described by Draine & Lee (1984) and Laor & Draine (1993). They have constructed dielectric functions for "astronomical silicate", graphite, and silicon carbide for wavelengths from the far-infrared to X-rays. Draine, B.T., & Lee, H.M. 1984, “Optical Properties of Interstellar Graphite and Silicate Grains”, Ap. J., 285, 89-108 (erratum: Ap. J., 318, 485 [1987]). Laor, A., & Draine, B.T. 1993, “Spectroscopic Constraints on the Properties of Dust in Active Galactic Nuclei”, Ap. J., 402, 441-468. WARNING! Those optical constants should not be used with the distribution of hollow spheres option (Michel Min, private communication)

MW 1989: Mathis, John S.; Whiffen, G. (1989) Composite interstellar grains Astrophysical Journal, vol. 341, June 15, 1989, p. 808-822.([http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...341..808M])

Ossenkopf (1992): Ossenkopf V., Henning Th., Mathis J.S. (1992) Constraints on cosmic silicates. Astron. Astrophys., v. 261, pp. 567 - 578. ([http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992A%26A...261..567O])

Servoin & Piriou (1973) : Servoin, J. L., & Piriou, B. 1973, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b), 55, 677

Warren : updated compilation by Warren [http://www.atmos.washington.edu/ice_optical_constants/]. We neglect the variation of ice optical constant with temperature (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...341..808M). Warren, S. G., and R. E. Brandt (2008), Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave: A revised compilation. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14220, doi:10.1029/2007JD009744

Zubko et al. (1996): MNRAS 282, 1321 "Optical constants of cosmic carbon analogue grains - I. Simulation of clustering by a modified continuous distribution of ellipsoids" ([http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MNRAS.282.1321Z]) WARNING! Those optical constants should not be used with the distribution of hollow spheres option. The reason is that those constants were derived from experiments using particles that were assumed perfectly spherical and not from the bulk material.

Andersen et al. (1999): Andersen, Anja C.; Loidl, Rita; Höfner, Susanne (1999) Optical properties of carbon grains: Influence on dynamical models of AGB stars A&A 349, 243 ([http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A%26A...349..243A])

Li and Greenberg (1997) A unified model of interstellar dust A&A 323, 566 (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997A%26A...323..566L;) (1998) A comet dust model for the Beta Pictoris disk A&A 331, 291 (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A%26A...331..291L)

FeS from http://www.mpia.de/homes/henning/Dust_opacities/Opacities/RI/new_ri.html

Suto et al. (2006) from Low-temperature single crystal reflection spectra of forsterite Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 370, 1599–1606 (2006) DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10594.x http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MNRAS.370.1599S

Remark on amorphous carbon: there are no "standard" amorphous carbon optical constants. One should try the various possibilities as large variations can occur (Thomas Henning, private communication 8 oct 2012).

Montmorillonite The optical constants are a composite of multiple sources. Old measurements in the UV and optical domain gave high values for k. More modern data show that they were too high probably because of the limited sensitivity. See the attached file montmorillonite_biblio.bib for a list of articles (Montmorillonite references).

CO ice One of the sources is M.E. Palumbo, G.A. Baratta, M.P. Collings and M.R.S. McCoustra 2006, PCCP 8, 279 - 284 https://oldwww.oact.inaf.it/weblab/optico.html

CO2 ice Warren 1984; Warren 1986

NH3 ice Martonchik 1984, Applied Optics 4, 541

Hanner Hanner, 1988, NASA report 89-13380, page 22, Washington, Infrared Observations of Comets Halley and Wilson and Properties of the Grains https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ioch.rept.....H

Perigourie SiC optical constants from Pegourie,B. 1988, A&A 194, 335. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988A%26A...194..335P]

Pollack et al. 1994 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994ApJ...421..615P]. The data are superseded by more recent measurements. However, they are provided for comparison.

|3| Koike et al. 1990 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990MNRAS.246..332K] Koike et al. 1990 MNRAS 246, 332 (1990) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_subgroup]

|1| R. Luna et al. 2018 [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A%26A...617A.116L] R. Luna et al. A&A 617, A116 (2018), also note that 100<T<110 exhibits a polycrystalline state.

SSHADE [https://www.sshade.eu/] Schmitt, Bernard; Bollard, Philippe; Albert, Damien; Garenne, Alexandre; Gorbacheva, Maria; Bonal, Lydie; Volcke, Pierre, and the SSHADE partner's consortium (2018). SSHADE: "Solid Spectroscopy Hosting Architecture of Databases and Expertise" and its databases. OSUG Data Center. Service-Database Infrastructure. [https://www.doi.org/10.26302/SSHADE]

|2| Hudgins et al. 1993 https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJS...86..713H] Contains optical constants of several pure and mixed ices (total of 19) at different temperatures (warmed up from deposition temperature). On the ADS page you will also find a link to the actual data.

|4| NASA CIL NASA Cosmic Ice Laboratory [https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/691/cosmicice/constants.html]

Hudson et al. 2014 [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..243..148H/]

Hudson & Gerakines 2019 [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MNRAS.482.4009H/]

Hudson et al. 2021 [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Icar..35414033H/]

Hudson et al. 2020 [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AcSpA.23318217H/]

Gerakines and Hudson 2020 [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ApJ...901...52G/]

Yarnall et al. 2020 [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.494.4606Y/]

Henning & Stognienko 1996, A&A 311,291[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996A%26A...311..291H/abstract]

A. A. Gavdush et al.: Dielectric spectroscopy of CO & CO2 ices in the THz-IR range 2022 A&A 667, A49\ [https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2022/11/aa44102-22.pdf] Not yet implemented

Any users are free to use his/her own set of optical constants. The wavelength bins should be the same then the data provided with ProDiMo. Sources of optical constants are varied. One database is GHoSST [http://ghosst.osug.fr]. In many papers, the absorption features characteristics are given for a Drude-Lorentz model if the solid is crystalline. For amorphous solids, an alternative formulation has been given by Brendel and Bormann (1992) An infrared dielectric function model for amorphous solids Journal of Applied Physics, 71, 1 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JAP....71....1B. The Brendel profile is similar to the Voigt profile. For ice data, other databases are [http://astrochemistry.org], [https://discover.dtic.mil/]

The ProDiMo dust species naming and mass density is described in the data/dust_opacity_list2.txt file.

Condensation temperatures

Reference Aneurin Evans The Dusty Universe, p. 90

The condensation/sublimation temperature depends on the gas pressure (see Evans for an introduction).

The following plot from Helling et al. 2001 (A&A 376, 194) shows the sublimation temperature as a function of gas density.

solid_sublimation_temperature_Helling2001.png

Recent work by Gail et al. (2013) changed the condensation temperature for SiO. Here is a plot taken from their paper. They use the new laboratory measurements of Ferguson, F. T., & Nuth, III, J. A. (2008). In the figure the pressure is in bar. In ProDiMo the pressure is computed in cgs (1 dyn⋅cm−21\,\rm{dyn·cm ^{−2}} or 0.1 Pa, Pa being Pascal the SI unit for pressure). In the figure, 1 bar=105 Pa=106 dyn  cm−2=nkT1\,\rm{bar} = 10^5\,\rm{Pa} = 10^6\,\rm{dyn\;cm^{-2}} = nkT . With k=1.380658(12)×10−16 ergK−1k = 1.380658(12) \times 10^{-16}\,\rm{erg K^{-1}}, P(bar)=1.38×10−22  n(cm−3) T(K)P(\mathrm{bar}) = 1.38 \times 10^{-22} \; n(\mathrm{cm}^{-3})\,T(\rm{K}) or

n(cm−3)=7.243×1021P(bar)T(K)=7.24×1012 P(bar)10−61000T(K) n(\mathrm{cm^{-3}}) = 7.243\times10^{21}\frac{P \rm(bar)}{T\rm (K)} = 7.24\times10^{12}\,\frac{P\rm(bar)}{10^{-6}} \frac{1000}{T\rm(K)}

Gail2013_consensate_stability_curves.png

More information

Effect of coagulation and ice-mantle

Ossenkopf & Henning 1994 A&A 291, 943